Virginia law states that witnesses cannot refuse to testify or produce records due to self-incrimination, and their testimony cannot be used against them in prosecution. It also clarifies that the burden of proving any exceptions or exemptions lies with the defendant in related cases. Additionally, it specifies that complaints or indictments do not need to negate exceptions, as the burden is on the defendant to prove them.
No, witnesses cannot refuse to testify or produce records due to self-incrimination under Virginia law, but their testimony cannot be used against them in prosecution.
No, evidence or testimony given by a witness cannot be used against them in prosecution if it was given in response to a court or grand jury summons.
The defendant bears the burden of proving any exceptions, excuses, or exemptions in cases involving violations of the law or drug control statutes.
No, Virginia law states that complaints or indictments do not need to negate exceptions; the burden of proof to establish them is on the defendant.