Pennsylvania law Section 8343-8345 outlines the burden of proof in defamation cases, the requirements for damages related to malice or negligence, and protections for broadcasters when they lack censorship power. Plaintiffs must prove elements like publication and harm, while defendants can defend by proving truth or privilege. Damages require proof of malice or negligence, and broadcasters are shielded from liability if they did not exercise censorship.
The plaintiff must prove the defamatory nature of the communication, its publication by the defendant, its application to the plaintiff, and the understanding of its meaning and harm caused.
Damages can only be awarded if the publication was made maliciously or negligently, as established to the jury's satisfaction.
No, owners, licensees, and operators are not liable for defamatory broadcasts if they did not have censorship power over the content.
Yes, the defendant can prove the truth of the defamatory communication as a defense when properly raised.