Section 1204 | CALCRIM (Jury Instructions)

belief in the victim’s consent to go with the defendant, if supported by the evidence.
(See People v. Greenberger (1997) 58 Cal.App.4th 298, 375 [68 Cal.Rptr.2d 61];
People v. Isitt (1976) 55 Cal.App.3d 23, 28 [127 Cal.Rptr. 279] [reasonable, good
faith belief that victim consented to movement is a defense to kidnapping].) Give
bracketed element 7 and the paragraph “Defense: Good Faith Belief in Consent.”
AUTHORITY
•
Elements. Pen. Code, §§ 207(a), 209.5(a), (b), 215(a).
•
Force or Fear Requirement. People v. Moya (1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 912, 916–917
[6 Cal.Rptr.2d 323]; People v. Stephenson (1974) 10 Cal.3d 652, 660 [111
Cal.Rptr. 556, 517 P.2d 820] [fear must be reasonable].
•
Incidental Movement. See People v. Martinez (1999) 20 Cal.4th 225, 237–238
[83 Cal.Rptr.2d 533, 973 P.2d 512].
•
Increased Risk of Harm. People v. Ortiz (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 410, 415 [124
Cal.Rptr.2d 92].
•
Intent to Facilitate Commission of Carjacking. People v. Perez (2000) 84
Cal.App.4th 856, 860–861 [101 Cal.Rptr.2d 376].
•
Movement Need Not Substantially Increase Risk of Harm. People v. Robertson
(2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 965, 982 [146 Cal.Rptr.3d 66]; People v. Ortiz (2002)
101 Cal.App.4th 410 [124 Cal.Rptr.2d 92]; Pen. Code, § 209.5(a).
•
Vicinity of Carjacking. People v. Moore (1999) 75 Cal.App.4th 37, 43–46 [88
Cal.Rptr.2d 914].
LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSES
•
Carjacking. Pen. Code, § 215(a); People v. Jones (1999) 75 Cal.App.4th 616,
624–626 [89 Cal.Rptr.2d 485]; People v. Contreras (1997) 55 Cal.App.4th 760,
765 [64 Cal.Rptr.2d 233] [Pen. Code, § 209.5 requires completed offense of
carjacking].
•
Attempted Carjacking. Pen. Code, §§ 664, 215(a); People v. Jones (1999) 75
Cal.App.4th 616, 626 [89 Cal.Rptr.2d 485].
•
False Imprisonment. Pen. Code, §§ 236, 237; see People v. Russell (1996) 45
Cal.App.4th 1083, 1088–1089 [53 Cal.Rptr.2d 241]; People v. Gibbs (1970) 12
Cal.App.3d 526, 547 [90 Cal.Rptr. 866].
An unlawful taking or driving of a vehicle with an intent to temporarily deprive the
owner of possession (Veh. Code, § 10851(a)) is not a necessarily included lesser
offense or a lesser related offense of kidnapping during a carjacking. (People v.
Russell (1996) 45 Cal.App.4th 1083, 1088–1091 [53 Cal.Rptr.2d 241] [evidence
only supported finding of kidnapping by force or fear; automobile joyriding
formerly governed by Pen. Code, § 499b].)
Grand theft is not a necessarily included offense of carjacking. (People v. Ortega
(1998) 19 Cal.4th 686, 693 [80 Cal.Rptr.2d 489, 968 P.2d 48].)
KIDNAPPING
CALCRIM No. 1204
981

RELATED ISSUES
Dominion and Control
Carjacking can occur when a defendant forcibly takes a victim’s car keys, not just
when a defendant takes a car from the victim’s presence. (People v. Hoard (2002)
103 Cal.App.4th 599, 608–609 [126 Cal.Rptr.2d 855] [victim was not physically
present when defendant drove car away].)
SECONDARY SOURCES
1 Witkin & Epstein, California Criminal Law (4th ed. 2012) Crimes Against the
Person, §§ 314–315.
6 Millman, Sevilla & Tarlow, Cal